Traumatic Brain Injuries are one of the most common traumas observed in soldiers during the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries are considered to make up even 77% of all diagnosed traumatic brain injuries, while 42% of veterans show symptoms of mild brain injuries and posttraumatic stress disorder. The article provides a research review of an impact of mild traumatic brain injuries on neuropsychological functioning of veterans of war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The authors give a wide discussion of cooccurrence and relations between PTSD and traumatic brain injury. In this regard, the article presents interesting results of a clinical trials, which are considered to be helpful in the diagnosis of PTSD coexisting with mild traumatic brain injury. The above mentioned medical conditions are also described in the context of neuroimaging studies. At the end, the authors describe current possibilities of a cognitive rehabilitation in the treatment of brain injuries observed in the veterans of contemporary warfare.