Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection presents a significant global health concern, particularly due to its association with anal cancer, disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). There is an urgent need for tailored screening strategies for this demographic. This review provides an overview of HPV-related anal cancer screening methods in MSM, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and future research directions. State of knowledge: Epidemiological studies have elucidated the prevalence of HPV-associated anal squamous intraepithelial lesions among MSM, underscoring the necessity for targeted screening. Various methods, including anal cytology, high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing, and high-resolution anoscopy, have been proposed and evaluated. Despite challenges, tailored screening protocols have been developed to accommodate high-risk populations. Conclusions: Targeted screening strategies, especially for MSM living with HIV, are pivotal in mitigating the burden of HPV-related anal cancer. Expanding access to high-resolution anoscopy and addressing knowledge gaps are imperative. Further research into effective screening methods, including HPV-related biomarkers, is essential to enhance early detection and improve outcomes for at-risk MSM populations. This synthesis of evidence provides valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and stakeholders engaged in anal cancer prevention and control efforts.