Introduction: Premature loss of primary teeth in children under 18 years of age is most often caused by active carious disease of primary and permanent teeth, especially the first molars, and the need to extract them. Missing teeth in children may also result from congenital absence of permanent dentition, developmental defects and injuries. The consequences of missing teeth depend largely on the child’s age when the gaps occurred. However, they always lead to dysfunctions of the masticatory system and temporomandibular joint, speech and aesthetic disorders and, finally, lack of peer acceptance. Aim: The aim of the study is to review the literature on the treatment of patients with premature loss of primary teeth due to congenital defects and injuries. Studies dealing with the topic of early prosthetic rehabilitation in the group of patients under 18 years of age were taken into account. Materials and methods: A review of available studies on missing teeth in children and adolescents and their consequences for the development of the stomatognathic system was conducted. Result: All authors discussing the topic of edentulism in children point to the need for prosthetic treatment. At the same time, they recommend an individualised choice of prosthetic restorations. The child’s age; the type, extent and location of missing teeth and the child’s willingness to cooperate are the main determinants of this choice. Conclusions: Prosthetic rehabilitation should be provided to children with prematurely missing teeth as early as possible to avoid multiple short and long-term complications affecting the development of the stomatognathic system.