Central retinal artery occlusion is an ophthalmological emergency with a poor prognosis. It is characterized by painless, monocular loss of vision, progressing even within minutes. The most common cause of the central retinal artery occlusion is an embolus originating in carotid arteries or cardiac chambers. Other causes may include thrombosis in situ in the central retinal artery. The natural history of visual outcome in central retinal artery occlusion is poor. Thus, correct diagnosis and immediate treatment is crucial. Unfortunately, conventional methods of treatment bring no satisfying effects. New therapies are under investigation, one of them being hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It involves inhaling 100% oxygen under increased and fixed pressure. This article discusses the principles of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in central retinal artery occlusion, indications for use and factors limiting its effectiveness.