Doppler examination in the assessment of retrobulbar arteries is a valuable supplement tool in the imaging diagnostics of orbital and eyeball diseases. The article describes the history of the use of ultrasound in medicine, its use in ophthalmic diseases, the development of Doppler diagnostics and the theoretical basis of the obtained hemodynamic measurements, including the detailed characteristics of the Doppler examination in the assessment of the ophthalmic artery, the middle retinal artery and short posterior ciliary arteries. Ultrasound images of the eyeball, together with the assessment of blood flow in the retrobulbar arteries, have proven to be reliable and repeatable, provided that the basic recommendations described in the article are followed. The methodology of measurements and the proposed norms of hemodynamic readings are helpful in the practical application of this modality in ophthalmic diagnostics.