The modern battlefield encompasses not only conventional operations but also the potential use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. This article focuses on two key aspects: the identification and analysis of CBRN-related threats in the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine, and the assessment of their impact on the functioning of battlefield medicine. The first part discusses possible scenarios involving the use of radiological weapons, including so-called “dirty bombs” (radiological dispersal devices, RDDs), and their potential consequences for civilian populations and the natural environment. It also outlines strategies to mitigate the effects of such attacks, including preventive measures, early warning systems, and decontamination procedures. The second part examines the challenges faced by medical personnel operating under CBRN threat conditions. Emphasis is placed on the need for rapid identification, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment of victims of chemical, biological, or radiological attacks. The importance of adequate training for medical teams, the availability of specialized equipment, and access to personal protective gear is also highlighted. In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of an integrated approach to crisis management and medical practice as essential components of an effective response to CBRN-related threats.