Air pollution is now the main cause of environmental hazard and show adverse effects on human health. It contributes most often to the development of respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases with any consequences as myocardial infarction, stroke and lung cancer. The factors determining its toxicity except its structure and chemical composition is their pulmonary deposition. Macrophages with their phagocytic function play an important role in degradation of the particulate matter and initiation of the inflammatory process. Mobilization of intracellular mechanisms of oxidative stress and stimulation of transcriptional nuclear factors affect inflammatory mediators, in particular cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Suppression of the lung immune system induced by the particulate matter creates favorable conditions for impairment of its defense functions and promotes Th2 lymphocytes response. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cell structure damage, can contribute to the synthesis of drugs inhibiting the adverse effects of oxidative stress mediators.