Aim. The article presents the characteristics of environmental risk factors and health problems in the personnel of the Polish Military Contingent (PMC) deployed on operation Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan. Material and methods. The retrospective analysis was based on the GIDEON database and medical records of soldiers and employees of the Polish Ministry of National Defense who had been performing mandated tasks during four, 6‑month rotations of the contingents (n=250–330) between 2017 and 2018. Results. The intensity indexes of PMC Afghanistan were 37–39 cases/100 patients/month. The most common health problems in the analyzed group included upper respiratory tract infections (9–13 cases/100 patients/month), musculoskeletal injuries/diseases (6–7/100/month), gastrointestinal diseases (4–6/100/month) and dermatoses (5–6/100/month). Conclusions. Health problems occurring in PMC personnel were connected with the effects of environmental conditions and neglecting the rules on health prophylaxis. The greatest epidemiological hazard for participants of military operation in Afghanistan are infectious and parasitic diseases of gastrointestinal tract, malaria, leishmaniasis and Crimean‑Congo hemorrhagic fever.